Transmission of V. cholerae typically occurs through a fecal to oral route.

霍乱弧的传播通常为粪口途径。

There, V. cholerae can begin to multiply and produce toxins.

此时，霍乱弧得以开始繁殖并产生毒素。

V. cholerae O1 has caused all recent outbreaks.

正是O1型霍乱弧引起了最近的所有暴发。

There are many serogroups of V. cholerae, but only two – O1 and O139 – cause outbreaks.

霍乱弧有许多血清型，但只有O1和O139两种血清型会引起霍乱暴发。

V. cholerae is a gram-negative, curved bacteria which looks like little red or pink comma-shapes on a gram stain.

霍乱弧是革兰氏阴性弯曲，革兰氏染上看起来或粉的逗号。

Vibrio cholerae shower these toxins at the  cells lining your gut, making them sick.

霍乱弧将这些毒素喷洒肠道内壁的胞上，使它们生病。

This strain of Vibrio cholerae is now a dangerous  enemy of humanity thanks to this virus.

由于这种病毒，这种霍乱弧株现是人类的危险敌人。

Diagnosis is typically made by a stool sample growing V. cholerae on a thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar.

诊断通常是通过硫代硫酸盐、柠檬酸盐、胆盐、蔗糖琼脂上培养霍乱弧的粪便样本。

And though V. cholerae does not enter the epithelial cells itself, the toxins do and they can cause a lot of trouble.

虽然霍乱弧本身不会进入上皮胞，但是毒素会，而且会造成很多麻烦。

So, to recap: Cholera is a contagious, severe gastroenteritis caused by the gram-negative Vibrio cholerae bacteria.

得！快速回顾一下：霍乱是一种由革兰氏阴性霍乱弧引起的具有传染性的、严重的胃肠炎。

Now, when V. cholerae enters the stomach it shuts down protein production to conserve energy and nutrients, and to survive the acidic environment.

当霍乱弧进入胃部时，它会暂停生产蛋白质，以保存能量和营养，而酸性环境中生存下来。

V. cholerae O139 – first identified in Bangladesh in 1992 – caused outbreaks in the past, but recently has only been identified in sporadic cases.

O139型霍乱弧于1992年孟加拉国被首次发现，过去也曾导致霍乱暴发，而最近仅散发病例中有发现。

Most people infected with V. cholerae do not develop any symptoms, although the bacteria are present in their faeces for 1-10 days after infection and are shed back into the environment, potentially infecting other people.

当然大多数感染了霍乱弧的人并不会出现任何症状，尽管这种病感染后的1~10天内出现他们的粪便中，并被释放回环境中传染他人。

And while the incubation time for V. cholerae can take hours, to 2-3 days; severe dehydration and depletion of electrolytes can happen within 4 to 12 hours of the first bout of diarrhea or vomiting.

虽然霍乱弧的潜伏期可达数小时至2-3天；第一次腹泻或呕吐后的4至12小时内可出现严重脱水和电解质耗竭。

This can cause symptoms like vomiting and voluminous amounts of watery diarrhea containing extremely high concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate; as well as high levels of live V. cholerae ready to infect another individual.

这可能导致呕吐、含有大量高浓度的钠、钾、氯化物和碳酸氢盐的水样腹泻，以及可能感染另一个人的高活跃性的霍乱弧。