With pyelonephritis, there may be flank pain, fever, and nausea or vomiting.

肾盂肾还伴有腹痛、发热以及恶心呕吐。

Then, you'd better do an IVP X-ray to see if you have kidney stones.

那你最好做一个静脉肾盂造影, 看看有没有肾结石.

Urine collects in the renal pelvis and then heads out of the kidney through the ureter.

尿液在肾盂中聚集，然后通过输尿管排出肾脏。

From there, it goes down the ureter which has a muscular lining which helps to push urine along.

从肾盂起，尿液经输尿管（细长肌性管道，可推动尿液进）流下。

These systemic symptoms are what often distinguish acute pyelonephritis from a lower urinary tract infection.

这些全身症状常可用来区分急性肾盂肾和下尿路感染。

The infection causes systemic symptoms like fevers and flank pain at the costvertebral angle and is treated with antibiotics.

急性肾盂肾感染导致全身症状，如发热、肋脊角痛；可使用抗素治疗。

In people with urinary catheters, it causes urinary tract infections, or UTIs, like cystitis, pyelonephritis, or prostatitis.

在导尿的患中，它可以引起尿路感染，例如尿道、膀胱、肾盂肾或腺。

The renal papilla project into minor calyces which join together to form major calyces which funnel into the renal pelvis.

肾乳头突入肾小盏，每2-3个肾小盏合成肾大盏；2-3个肾大盏合并形成漏斗形的肾盂。

In grade III, urine fills and begins to stretch both the ureter and the renal pelvis.

尿液的充盈开始导致输尿管和肾盂扩张。

In grade II, urine fills the entire ureter and the renal pelvis, the center part of the kidney.

尿液充满整个输尿管和肾盂，即肾的中心部分。

There are three major regions of the kidney, cortex, medulla and the renal pelvis.

皮质、髓质和肾盂。外层的颗粒状层是肾皮质。

So acute pyelonephritis is a type of upper urinary tract infection.

急性肾盂肾是一种上尿路的感染。

Once millions of nephrons have each made urine, it flows into the minor calyces, then major calyces, and finally into the renal pelvis.

当数以百万计的肾单位各自都产尿液，尿液便流入肾小盏，然后是肾大盏，最终进入肾盂。

So acute pyelonephritis describes an inflamed kidney that develops relatively quickly, usually as a result of a bacterial infection.

急性肾盂肾中肾的症进展很快，病因通常为细菌感染。

Chronic vesicoureteral reflux can cause pyelonephritis, or inflammation of the kidney, and renal scarring, or fibrosis which damages the kidney tissue.

慢性膀胱输尿管反流可能导致肾盂肾，即肾脏出现症反应，以及瘢痕肾，即肾组织因纤维化而受损。

Other potential causes of renal papillary necrosis are chronic use of analgesics, like aspirin, as well as diabetes mellitus, sickle cell disease, and pyelonephritis.

其他肾乳头坏死的潜在原因是长期使用止痛药，如阿司匹林、糖尿病、镰状细胞疾病以及肾盂肾。

In grade IV, the ureter is so swollen that it begins to get curvy and the renal pelvis and calyces—the urine collection ducts—become moderately swollen and distorted.

输尿管过于肿胀，甚至开始产卷曲，肾盂、肾盏和集合管发中度肿胀和扭曲。

So for ascending infections that cause acute pyelonephritis, the most common organisms are E. coli, Proteus species, and Enterobacter species, all of which are commonly found in the bowel flora.

对于上行性尿路感染导致的急性肾盂肾，最常见的致病菌是大肠杆菌、变形杆菌属、肠杆菌属等，以上都是常见的肠道菌群。

As neutrophils infiltrate and die off, they make their way through the urinary tract, and are peed out; so people with acute pyelonephritis often have white blood cells in their urine.

随着中性粒细胞浸润、死亡，其通过尿道排出体外，因此，急性肾盂肾的患通常尿中可查见白细胞。

And finally, the innermost layer is the renal pelvis, a funnel-shaped tube surrounded by smooth muscle that uses peristalsis to move urine out of the kidney, into the ureter, and into the bladder.

最后，最内层是肾盂，一个被平滑肌包围的漏斗状管，利用蠕动将尿液从肾脏移出，进入输尿管，进入膀胱。