Osmosis out of a cell can cause big changes.

细胞外的渗透作用会引起很大的变化。

Okay, let's say there are more oxygen molecules outside a cell than inside.

好的，假设细胞外的氧分子比细胞内的多。

The bacteria grow wire-like protein strands all over the outside of their cells.

细菌在它们的细胞外部长出线状蛋白质链。

These electrodes are used to make 12 leads, each of which illustrates the movement of positive charge on the outside of heart cells.

这些电极可以用作记录12导联心电图，每个导联都能显示出心脏细胞外的正电荷活动。

Instead, endocrine glands secrete their hormones directly into the surrounding extracellular space.

相反，内分泌腺直接将激素分泌到周围的细胞外间隙。

The cell's nuclear DNA creates all but 13 of these proteins.

除了 13 蛋白质外，细胞的核 DNA 都能产生这些蛋白质。

Both of these mechanisms lead to increased potassium in the fluid outside of cells which quickly makes it into the blood and causes hyperkalemia.

上述两机制都会造成细胞外的钾离子增加，而钾离子很快进入血液，造成高钾血症。

21. I mean that's happening here too, but adsorption means binding to the outer surface of the cell.

我是说，这个过程也在这里发生，但是吸附指的是黏在细胞的外表面。

If we unpause this, then everything becomes depolarized, and since there's no difference in charge, now, there's no dipole, and so no deflection.

如果我们这时将其“解冻”，那么所有细胞都被去极化了，由于细胞外的电荷没有变化，所以没有双极子，（心电图）上也就不存在任何波形（呈一条直线）。

This is a material, made mostly of the protein collagen, that’s found outside of cells and provides a sort of support framework for growing tissue.

这是一主要由胶原蛋白制成的材料，存在于细胞外，为生长的组织提供一支持框架。

Let's start with the cell wall which is found on the outer surface of the cell membrane and its most important role is to protect the bacteria.

我们从位于细胞膜外表面的细胞壁开始学习，它最重要的作用是保护菌体。

This city inside a cell has departments that share information, factories that build proteins, and even machinery to move those proteins around inside a cell and release them outside the cell.

细胞内的这座城市有分享信息的部门，有制造蛋白质的工厂，甚至还有在细胞内移动这些蛋白质并将其释放到细胞外的机制。

In order for our cells to work properly, systems had to develop that could regulate the concentration of salt and other components of our blood and extracellular fluid.

为了使人体细胞正常工作，身体内的各个系统必须能够调节盐以及血液和细胞外液体其他成分的浓度。

This causes intracellular carbon dioxide to freely diffuse out of the cell, raising the cellular pH which stimulates glycolysis, a metabolic process that requires a lot of phosphate.

这会导致细胞内CO2由扩散到细胞外，提高细胞的pH值，激发糖酵解，一个需要大量磷酸盐的代谢过程。

This city inside a cell has departments that share information, factories that build proteins, and even machinery to move those proteins around inside a cell and release them outside the cell.

霍尔：这个细胞内的城市有共享信息的部门、制造蛋白质的工厂，甚至还有将这些蛋白质在细胞内移动并将它们释放到细胞外的机器。

A virus in the extracellular state is called a virion and consists of a protein coat called a capsid which protects the viral genome and aids in its transfer between host cells.

处于细胞外状态的病毒称为病毒粒子有称为" 衣壳" 的蛋白质外壳；衣壳保护着病毒基因组，并协助病毒在宿主细胞间传播。

Dopamine is then loaded into synaptic vesicles and released by physiological stimuli into the extracellular space where it can bind to dopamine receptors that are expressed on the postsynaptic neuron.

多巴胺随后被装入突触囊泡，并通过生理刺激释放到大脑中与多巴胺受体结合的细胞外空间突触后神经元。

It's been found that dolphin brains are comprised chiefly of fatty cells, which serve as a protective barrier between the systemic blood and the extracellular environment of the central nervous system.

已经发现， 海豚的大脑主要由脂肪细胞组成，脂肪细胞是全身血液和中枢神经系统细胞外环境之间的保护屏障。

Of the remaining phosphate, a tiny amount is extracellular, or outside the cells like in the blood, so this is the bit that gets measured, and the majority is intracellular, or inside cells, where it does all sorts of things.

在剩下的磷酸盐中，极小部分在细胞外的，比如血液中的，是可以被检测的，而大多数磷酸盐在细胞内；细胞内的磷酸盐有着各各样的功能。

The extracellular component includes both the intravascular space - the space within the blood and lymphatic vessels and the interstitial space - the space between cells where you typically find fibrous proteins and long chains of carbohydrates which are called glycosaminoglycans.

细胞外的部分包括管道内空间，即血管和淋巴管内的空间以及间质空间，即细胞之间的空间，通常能找到纤维蛋白和叫糖胺聚糖（即黏多糖）的长链碳水化合物。