With mutations, proto-oncogenes become oncogenes, and these overstimulate the cell growth.

随着突变，原因变为因，这些因过度刺激细胞长。

You can think of proto-oncogenes as the accelerator or gas pedal and tumor suppressor genes as the brakes.

你原因看作是加速器或是油门，抑因看作是刹车。

Proto-oncogenes, which signal a cell to grow and divide.

原因，向细胞发出长和分裂的信号。

So oncogenes or mutated tumor suppressor genes allow cells to keep growing uncontrollably resulting into tumors.

因此，因或突变的抑因使细胞不受控制地增长，导致肿瘤发。

Now, there are genes that promote normal cell growth called proto-oncogenes.

这时，有一些促进正常细胞长的因被称作原因。

Oncogenes help cells grow and proliferate, while tumor suppressor genes slow down cell growth and proliferation.

致因加速细胞长增殖，而抑因使细胞长增殖变慢。

Fusobacteria is another genus of bacteria in the mouth that produces excessive immune responses and activates oncogenes.

梭杆菌属是口腔中另一种会引发过度免疫应答、激因的细菌。

Squamous cell cancers arise from squamous cells that undergo genetic mutations that either activate proto-oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressor genes.

鳞状细胞产于经历了因突变的鳞状细胞，因突变能激原因、或使抑因失。

When proto-oncogenes, like epidermal growth factor receptor and RAS, are activated, it turns them into oncogenes that promote cell division.

当原因（如表皮长因子受体因、RAS因）被激时，它们就变成了促进细胞分裂的因。

So if for example, your oncogenes switch back  on, they make oncogene proteins.

例如，如果您的因重新启动，它们就会产因蛋白质。

The second crucial mutation can happen in your  oncogenes.

第二个关键突变能发在因中。

When oncogenes are turned on the cell is told to multiply rapidly.

当因被打开时，细胞就会迅速繁殖。

When your oncogenes get corrupted,   they basically turn on again.

当你的因被破坏时，它们本上会再次开启。

This type of gene is called an anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene.

这种类型的因被称为抗因或肿瘤抑制因。

Abnormal cell division can occur either when active oncogenes are expressed or when tumor suppressor genes are lost.

当性因表达或肿瘤抑制因丢失时，发异常细胞分裂。

To balance out cell growth, there are other genes called tumor suppressor genes which promote apoptosis or cell death of mutated cells.

为平衡细胞长，还有其它因，称作抑因，促进突变细胞的凋亡或细胞死亡。

Or they can occur in proto-oncogenes, which normally code for proteins that promote the cell cycle - so they're the cell cycle's accelerator pedal.

因突变也发在原因；原因的功能是编码促进细胞周期运转的蛋白质，所它算是细胞周期的“油门”。

It usually involves several genetic mutations in endometrial cells, including of PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene; PIK3CA, an oncogene; and ARID1A, a gene regulating chromatin structure.

它通常涉及子宫内膜细胞的几种因突变，包括抑因PTEN、原因PIK3CA，及调控染色质结构的因ARID1A。

Checking for the presence of mutations in a gene can confirm a diagnosis that is based on other clinical presentations.

在症的病例中，了解哪个因发了突变及什么样的方式发突变，能够确定最佳治疗方案及为开发新的治疗方法提供信息。

Unlike other targetable oncogene drivers in NSCLC, KRAs G12C is most common in smokers Until recently, KRAS was an undruggable target.

与 NSCLC 中的其他靶向因驱动因素不同，KRA G12C 在吸烟者中最常见。直到最近，KRAS 仍是一个不药物治疗的靶点。