This let us make the lightest weight high modulus material.

这让我们能够制造出重最轻的模材料。

This material property is known  as a high elastic modulus - while stretchier rubber would have a low modulus.

这种材料特性被称为弹性模，而弹性橡胶则具有低模。

The higher Young’s modulus is, for a certain material, the less ELASTIC it is.

对于某种材料， 杨氏模， 弹性小。

That’s why engineers use something called Young’s modulus.

这就是为什么工程师使用一种叫做杨氏模的东西。

The coefficient of subgrade modulus is improved to incorporate vertical bearing soil-spring.

提了路基模系数，以直支座土壤弹簧。

The higher Young's modulus is, for a certain material, the less ELASTIC it is.

杨氏模 对于给定的材料，其弹性会降低。

That's why engineers use something called Young's modulus.

所以工程师使用了一个不同的东西，叫做： 杨氏模。

The higher its shear modulus, the less the object will deform.

随着剪切模的增加， 元件的变形能力降低了。

Ht denotes the depth of the tunnel axis to ground surface, Es denotes the ground elastic modulus.

Ht 表示隧道轴线到地表的深度，Es 表示地层弹性模。

The weighted average of the elastic modulus (Es) and the Poisson's ratio (vs) are taken as 35 MPa and 0.27, respectively.

弹性模 （Es） 和泊松比 （vs） 的加权平均值分别为 35 MPa 和 0.27。

It's easy to increase the elastic  modulus by adding rigid particles, but what's harder is stopping stiff  rubber cracking under repeated stress.

通过添加刚性颗粒来增加弹性模很容易，但更难的是阻止刚性橡胶在重复应力下开裂。

E denotes Young's modulus of the segmental ring, I is theareamomentofinertiaofthetunnelcross-section, G is the shear modulus, A is the tunnel cross-sectional area.

E 表示节段环的杨氏模，I 是隧道横截面的惯性面积矩，G 是剪切模，A 是隧道横截面积。

Consequently, this paper recommends a simplified approach to calculate the coefficient of subgrade modulus (k), as shown in Equation (25).

因此，本文推荐了一种简化的方法来计算路基模系数 （k），如公式 （25） 所示。

Finally, some materials are more resistant to changes in volume -- and that stiffness is measured by the bulk modulus, represented by a capital-B.

最后，一些材料更能抵抗体积的变化——这种刚度是通过体积模来衡的，用大写字母 B 表示。

This solution performs well in evaluating the coefficient of subgrade modulus (k) at any buried depth, particularly for relatively shallowly buried shield tunnels.

该解决方案在评估任何埋深处的路基模系数 （k） 方面表现良好，特别是对于相对较浅埋设的盾构隧道。

The Coefficient of the Subgrade Modulus The stiffness coefficient of the shear layer Gc is an important parameter in Pasternak's two-parameter model.

路基模系数 剪切层的刚度系数 Gc 是 Pasternak 双参数模型中的一个重要参数。

This indicates that the Vesic foundation reaction modulus expression indeed underestimates the relative stiffness of the tunnel soil and thus overestimates the tunnel settlement.

这表明 Vesic 地基反作用模表达式确实低估了隧道土体的相对刚度，从而估了隧道沉降。

This model incorporates an improved subgrade modulus and treats each segmental ring as a Timoshenko short beam, with each circumferential joint modeled by two mechanical springs.

该模型采用了改进的路基模，并将每个节段环视为一个 Timoshenko 短梁，每个圆周接头由两个机械弹簧建模。