Nineteenth-century agronomists rapidly divined that phylloxera had come from North America.

19世纪的农学家迅速推断称，根蚜虫来自北美。

Blocking the action of this, they hoped, would phylloxera-proof all vines. But here the sequencing project produced a disappointment.

他们希望，阻止这一行为可以防止所有的葡萄藤出现根蚜虫。但基因排序项目的结果令人失望。

Rhizobia is a nitrogen-fixing bacteria up to 3 micrometers long and without it, that sort of agricultural production is impossible.

根一种长达3微米的固氮，没有它，不可能实现这种农业生产规模的。

And these nodules do an amazing thing.

这些根做了一件了不起的事情。

So on the roots of this soybean plant are nodules.

在这株大豆植物的根部，存在着根。

They harbor millions of bacteria inside the cells of the nodules.

它们在根细胞内寄居着数以百万计的细。

From Britain, this theory went, phylloxera reached the European mainland via the south of France, the first place where it devastated vineyards.

该理论认为，根蚜虫从英国法国南部传入欧洲大陆。它首先破坏了法国的葡萄园。

Now unfortunately, at the moment those nodules don't get infected with the nitrogen fixing bacteria.

遗憾的，目前这些根还未能被固氮细感染。

It's beneficial to the soybean plant, but it's also beneficial to the bacteria inside those nodules.

这对大豆植株有利，但对那些根内的细也有利。

Rhizobia is a nitrogen-fixing bacteria up  to 3 micrometers long and without it, that sort of agricultural production is impossible.

根一种长度可达 3 微米的固氮细，没有它，这种农业生产不可能的。

But even there, these apparently unique nodule structures are not that novel.

但即便如此，这些看似独特的根结构也并非那么新颖。

That could be valuable in parts of viticulture's New World, such as Australia, where vines remain ungrafted and phylloxera is still a problem.

这在葡萄栽植新世界的部分地区可能很有价值，比如澳大利亚，在这些地方，葡萄藤仍非嫁接的，并且根蚜虫仍一个问题。

The work now begins of teasing out what each of those genes does, and, ultimately, how phylloxera manipulates a plant and adapts to a new host.

现在的工作弄清楚每个基因的作用什么，以及根蚜虫最终如何操控植物并适应新的宿主。

When vineyards in Burgundy were ravaged by the phylloxera parasite in the 1880s, French winemakers began importing wine from elsewhere and sold it as Burgundy.

1880 年代， 当勃艮第的葡萄园遭到根蚜寄生虫的破坏时，法国酿酒师开始从其他地方进口葡萄酒， 并以勃艮第葡萄酒的名义出售。

So the bacteria inside the nodules of this soybean plant are fixing nitrogen out of the air, converting it into ammonia, and then feeding that ammonia to this soybean plant.

因此， 这株大豆植物根内的细正在从空气中固定氮，将其转化为氨， 然后将这些氨供给大豆植物。

And one of the really important tweaks is to link that symbiosis signaling pathway to root organogenesis to make the nodules that are able to accommodate those nitrogen fixing bacteria.

其中一个非常重要的改进将这种共生信号通路与根器官发生联系起来，以形成能够容纳这些固氮细的根。

Now this work is not yet published, but using this knowledge and getting the networking of those pre-existing genetic components right, we have now been able to engineer nodules in non-legumes.

目前这项工作尚未发表， 但借助这一知识并正确构建这些预存遗传组件的网络，我们现已成功在非豆科植物中培育出了根。