Affricates are made up of a stop sound followed by a fricative sound.

破由一个爆破和后面的组成。

Fricative are often a source of confusion for English learners.

摩让很多英语学习者感到困惑。

In today's program, we will explore fricatives.

今天的节目里，我们要探索摩。

Another way to think of this is stop sound plus fricative sound equals affricate.

另一个思考的方法是爆破等于破。

These are all fricatives, the sounds are coming out slowly and you hear this friction sound.

这些都是摩，声慢慢地发出你会听到摩声。

To be clear, fricatives mean there is a partial obstruction in the air stream.

清楚地说，摩指的是气流有一部分被阻滞。

And finally, the vociceless fricative or be quiet sound, shhhhhh, present in words such as shower and push.

最后是清或“安静”，出现诸如 shower 和 push 等词中。

In a previous video, we explored the two affricates, or complex consonant sounds, of American English.

之前的一个视频里，我们探索了美式英语中的两个破，或者叫复杂辅。

Another type of consonant is a Fricative.

另一种辅是摩。

Sss, zzz are fricatives. Thh, vvv are Fricatives too.

Sss, zzz 是。 Thh, vvv 也是。

In a previous video, I described affricates as being kind of like addition - one plus one equals two.

之前的一个视频里，我说破有点像法 —— 一一等于二。

The English alveolar approximant, the Spanish trill, the French uvular fricative?

英国的齿槽、西班牙的颤、法国的小舌？

So fff, and vvv are fricatives.

所以 fff 和 vvv 是。

In some cases, voiceless fricatives began to be pronounced like an " f" (e.g. laugh, cough).

某些情况下，清开始像“f”一样发（例如笑、咳嗽）。

So the combination d-g sound, " dg" is an affricate in American English for judge becomes " j" .

所以组合d-g发， “dg” 是美式英语中的塞， 判断变成“j” 。

First, when the thickened layers of the pericardium rub up against each other - it creates a friction rub which can be heard on auscultation.

当增厚的两层心包膜互相摩，可听诊时闻及心包摩。

The rule reads: a voiced fricative is transformed into the corresponding voiceless sound when it appears before a voiceless sound.

规则如下：浊摩出现清之前时， 将转换为相应的清。

It usually results in a friction rub, as well as ECG changes like ST elevation and PR depression, followed by T wave flattening and inversion.

通常表现出心包摩，以及ST段抬高和PR段压低等心电图改变，继之呈现T波低平和倒置。

You're releasing air with sound, so the vocal cords are vibrating and creating this friction sound which is the 'V' as of the word 'very', 'vicious' and 'seven'.

是要通过释放口腔里的空气带动发的，所以声带是振动的，产生出这种，即‘V’，比如单词‘very’、‘vicious’和‘seven’。

All of such sounds are voiced and they are collectively labelled SONORANTS.The stops and fricatives, which have distinction of voicing, are collectively called OBSTRUENTS.

如果不需要区分带声性的话，只用两个词描述即可，如 [m] 是双唇鼻，[j] 是硬腭通，[h] 是声门。鉴于英语只有 [1] 这一个边，既可以称作齿龈边，也可以直接简称为边。英语元符号的形式，不同的作者曾使用不同的符号来表示。本书采用主要英语词典中的通用符号体系来转写 RP 的元 (表 2 - 2)，注意这不是直接从国际标表中复制的，而是基于国际标表的一种适用于英语发描述的变通版本。