Transmission of V. cholerae typically occurs through a fecal to oral route.

霍乱的传播通常为粪口途径。

Oysters can carry a scary flesh-eating bacteria called Vibrio vulnificus.

蚝可能携带一种可怕的食肉叫创伤。

There, V. cholerae can begin to multiply and produce toxins.

此时，霍乱得以开始繁殖并产生毒素。

V. cholerae O1 has caused all recent outbreaks.

正是O1型霍乱了最近的所有暴发。

There are many serogroups of V. cholerae, but only two – O1 and O139 – cause outbreaks.

霍乱有许多血清型，但只有O1和O139两种血清型霍乱暴发。

Wolfe says the Vibrio bacteria may be able to actually eat the aromas-which, after all, consist of chemical compounds.

沃尔夫表示，可能真的能够消灭掉些气味——毕竟，些气味是由化合物组成的。

The bobtail squid have Vibrio fischeri living in them as well.

短尾乌贼体内也有费。

V. cholerae is a gram-negative, curved bacteria which looks like little red or pink comma-shapes on a gram stain.

霍乱是革兰阴性弯曲细，在革兰染色上看来像浅红色或粉红色的逗号。

Vibrio cholerae shower these toxins at the  cells lining your gut, making them sick.

霍乱将些毒素喷洒在肠道内壁的细胞上，使它们生病。

Those containing bacteria from the genus Vibrio, for instance, seem to be able to protect steel.

例如，那些含有属细的物质似乎能够保护钢铁。

This strain of Vibrio cholerae is now a dangerous  enemy of humanity thanks to this virus.

由于种病毒，种霍乱株现在是人类的危险敌人。

So they develop this special organ where they host Vibrio fischeri.

所以他们开发了个特殊的器官， 在那里他们寄宿了费。

Diagnosis is typically made by a stool sample growing V. cholerae on a thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar.

诊断通常是通过在硫代硫酸盐、柠檬酸盐、胆盐、蔗糖琼脂上培养霍乱的粪便样本。

That's where Vibrio fischeri glow-in-the-dark gene comes in.

就是费的夜光基因发挥作用的地方。

And though V. cholerae does not enter the epithelial cells itself, the toxins do and they can cause a lot of trouble.

虽然霍乱本身不进入上皮细胞，但是毒素，而且造成很多麻烦。

So, to recap: Cholera is a contagious, severe gastroenteritis caused by the gram-negative Vibrio cholerae bacteria.

得！快速回顾一下：霍乱是一种由革兰阴性霍乱的具有传染性的、严重的胃肠炎。

Now, when V. cholerae enters the stomach it shuts down protein production to conserve energy and nutrients, and to survive the acidic environment.

当霍乱进入胃部时，它暂停生产蛋白质，以保存能量和营养，而在酸性环境中生存下来。

V. cholerae O139 – first identified in Bangladesh in 1992 – caused outbreaks in the past, but recently has only been identified in sporadic cases.

O139型霍乱于1992年在孟加拉国被首次发现，在过去也曾导致霍乱暴发，而最近仅在散发病例中有发现。

Coastlines are warm enough for the dangerous Vibrio bacteria to grow in the Baltic areas of Europe and the Northeast and Pacific Northwest of the U.S.

在欧洲的波罗的海地区以及美国东北部和太平洋西北部的海岸线地区，高温足以使些地区滋生危险的。

Most people infected with V. cholerae do not develop any symptoms, although the bacteria are present in their faeces for 1-10 days after infection and are shed back into the environment, potentially infecting other people.

当然大多数感染了霍乱的人并不出现任何症状，尽管种病在感染后的1~10天内出现在他们的粪便中，并被释放回环境中传染他人。