How would you determine the ground state of a quantum system with no exact solution?

在没有精确解的情况下你如何确定量子系统的基态？

I would guess a wave-function and then vary its parameters until I found the lowest energy solution.

我会任意猜测一个基态波函数，通过更改其参数找出能量最低的量子态。

But as some of the excited electrons fall back to their ground states, they emit energy as light.

不过一部分的激电子回到它们的基态的时候，它们会释放出能量，即光。

We call it the ground state or the excited state.

我们基态或激态。

Sometimes electrons in those atoms get into an excited state, and when they come back down again they give off light.

有时原子中的电子被激，它们回到基态时，便出了光。

There are a continuum of energy levels all the way down to the ground state.

从始至终，能量水平都是连续的，直到基态。

This, in turn, makes them open to physicists' probings, because there are no confusing changes happening inside the atoms themselves.

物理学家因此可以检测反氢原子，因处于基态的反氢原子不会在原子内部生难以解释的变化。

That is plenty of time for them to relax into their ground state, the most energetically stable condition they can be in.

这一时间足以让反氢原子弛豫，回到基态，即它们可能达到的能量最稳定状态。

Now when all those electrons drop down to the ground state, that atom is going to release some gamma radiation.

现在，所有这些电子下降到基态时，该原子将释放一些伽马辐射。

As the muon drops down to this different ground state, an x-ray is emitted—alerting Krauth's team that the transition has occurred.

μ 子下降到这种不同的基态时，会出 X 射线——提醒 Krauth 的团队过渡已经生。

Bombard an ordinary hydrogen atom with microwaves of the right frequency and you will lift it out of its ground state by flipping the spin of its electron.

以特定频率的微波轰击普通氢原子可以反转其中电子的自旋，使其跃迁离开基态。

In quantum mechanics, one of the most important properties of a many-body system is the difference in energy between its ground state and its first excited state.

在量子力学中，多体系统最重要的性质一是其基态与第一激态间的能量差。

That can make things a little confusing, because it's hard to visualize a pair of complex numbers, which is what would describe a superposition of two base states.

这可能会让事情变得有点混乱，因很难想象一对复数，这将描述两个基态的叠加。

Quantum states, much like this wiggling direction of our wave, are described as a superposition of multiple base states, where you have many choices for what base states to use.

量子态， 就像波的摆动方向一样，被描述多个基态的叠加，您可以选择使用哪些基态。

So the muon starts in a semi-stable place—the food-messy desk—moves up to an unstable state—the clean desk—and then cascades down to a different stable ground state—the paper-messy desk.

因此，介子从一个半稳定的地方开始——食物凌乱的桌子——上升到一个不稳定的状态——干净的桌子——然后向下级联到另一个稳定的基态- 乱七八糟的桌子。

In cases way more general than this one photon polarization example, quantum mechanical states are described as some superposition of multiple base states, and the superposition depends on what basis you choose.

在比这个光子偏振示例更普遍的情况下，量子力学状态被描述多个基态的某种叠加，并且叠加取决于您选择的基础。

For example, if you heat table salt you'll always see the same two lines in the exact same part of the spectrum as certain electrons in sodium absorb energy and then return to their ground state, giving off light.

例如，如果你加热食盐，你总是会在光谱的完全相同的部分看到同样的两条线，因钠中的某些电子吸收能量，然后返回基态，出光。