So what were these city states like?

些邦国家是怎样的呢？

And how can it sum up, in itself, a view of the Athenian state?

我们又如何从中了解当时的雅典邦呢？

Hundreds of years ago, city-states were common in Europe.

几百年以前邦在欧洲是很普遍的。

Today she'll be shadowed by officials from the city's governing council.

今天，邦理事会的官员将会考察她的工作。

By doing this, they paved the way for social criticism in the city-state of Athens.

就样，他们播下了雅典邦内社会批评的种子。

The tradition of these decentralized city-states that were the heart of the Renaissance.

些邦国家自治的传统确实是文艺复兴的核所在。

The defence of the rationally ordered state will cost some of its citizens their lives.

为保卫理性规范的邦，有的公民会献出自己的生命。

And of course, given its geography, it's surrounded by agricultural states.

当然，还要考虑新德里的地理情况，市被农业邦所环绕。

Both conventions and local laws in the city-states could vary widely.

他们到过的各个邦中，无论传统规范或地方法律可能都各不相同。

So slavery is necessary for the life of the polis for there to be open to citizens.

因此，为了让公民有机会过上邦生活，奴隶制是必要的。

One of these chests will save your city and the rest will lead to its certain doom.

它们其中一只将会拯救你的邦，而其余的则无力回天。

In 408 BC, the cities united to form one territory, with a unified capital, Rhodes.

在公元前408年，三个邦联合成了一个区域，并有统一的首都: 罗德。

As with many ancient civilisations, no one really knows the exact date when the city-state of Sparta was founded.

与许多古代文明一样，没有人真正知道斯巴达邦建立的确切日期。

It's actually a walled-in city-state within Rome Italy, though it's only 0. 17 square miles in size.

它实际上是一个位于意大利罗马的墙内邦国家，尽管面积只有0.17平方英里。

Recall that Italy itself was, until 1861, not a unified nation but an aggregation of city-states.

回想一下，在1861年前，意大利还不是一个统一的国家，而是由邦组成的结合体。

Dealing with the defeated city-states, however, would become a big problem.

然而，处理战败的邦国，是一个很大的问题。

By 1325, border skirmishes between the two rival city-states were getting more intense.

到 1325 年，两个敌对邦之间的边境冲突越来越激烈。

You knew, if you were one of Athens' subjects, that this was a statement of your own subordination.

如果你是雅典的附属邦之一，它就是你屈从的标志。

But why is it necessary to live in a good city in order to live a virtuous life?

但为什么要想过上有德行的生活，就需要生活在一个美好的邦呢？

Cities like Delft were unsupervised by kings or bishops, so many artists like Vermeer were left without traditional patrons.

由於像台夫特市的邦 不是由国王或主教管辖，许多像维梅尔一样的艺术家 失去了贵族支持。