CpG islands are found in most promoter regions of genes which are the DNA sequences responsible for the initiation of gene transcription.

CpG岛位于绝大部分启动子区域，是一组负责转录起始DNA序列。

In humans two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FOS promoter were found to be associated with knee-OA susceptibility.

在人类中，发现FOS启动子中两个单核苷酸多态性与膝骨关节感性有关。

In this case, the BCL1 gene from chromosome 11 ends up next to the immunoglobulin promoter on chromosome 14, which again upregulates its expression.

在这种情况，11色体上BCL1基因位至14色体，与14色体上免疫球蛋白启动子相邻，后者上调了BCL1基因表达。

In eukaryotes, if the introduced genes are derived from another organism, the resulting transgenic plants or animals can be propagated by normal breeding.

转基因羊已经被生产了出来，可以通过它们奶生产有价值蛋白。目基因需要羊启动子（酪蛋白或乳清蛋白）以确保在乳腺中表达。从奶中纯化蛋白要比从培养细胞中纯化蛋白要容多。

As a result, an the BCL2 gene from chromosome 18 is placed after the immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter on chromosome 14, and that results in overexpression of bcl-2.

因此，一个来自18色体BCL2基因被位到14色体免疫球蛋白重链启动子后，导致BCL-2过表达。

In this case, the Myc gene is translocated from chromosome 8 where it ends up adjacent to IgH promoter on chromosome 14 and again that upregulates its expression.

在这种情况，MYC基因从8色体位至14色体，最终与14色体上IgH启动子相邻，这也上调了它表达。