However, Legionella has a type IVB secretion system, which uses effector proteins to prevent phagolysosomal fusion.

但是，军团菌有一套IVB分泌系统，会利用蛋白阻碍吞噬体和溶酶体融合。

Finally, the integration center sends signals to effectors, which then act to restore homeostatic balance.

最后，整合中心向器发送信号，然后器采取行动恢复体内平衡。

Efferent neurons transmit signals from the CNS to the effector cells and are sometimes called motor neurons.

传出神经元将来自CNS信号传递到细胞，有时为运动神经元。

From there, the postganglionic fibers are super short — just long enough to communicate with their effector.

从那里，节后神经纤维超短——刚好足够长以与它们器交流。

By contrast, most parasympathetic ganglia are found way out from the spine — near, or even inside of their effector organs.

相比之下，多数副交感神经节在远离脊柱——靠近，甚至在它们器官内部。

But you gotta wonder — or at least I gotta wonder: how do these neurons and effectors actually communicate with each other?

但是你会好奇，至少我会好奇：这些神经元和器实际上是如何相互交流？

Even if it's the same chemical. And to an effector, hormonal norepinephrine is just as good as neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

即使是相同化学物质。对于物来说，荷尔蒙去甲肾上腺素和神经递质去甲肾上腺素一样好。

Well, it all depends on the particular kind of receptors that an effector has for receiving that chemical.

嗯，这完全取决于器接收这种化学物质特定受体。

Since parasympathetic ganglia are so close to, or even inside of, their effector organs, the preganglionic fibers are a lot longer.

由于副交感神经节如此接近其器官甚至在它们内部，节前纤维要长得多。

Instead, they run right from the brain almost all the way to their effectors.

相反，它们几乎从脑一直运行到它们器。

It's what crosses that final synapse and creates a response in the effector, like opening up blood vessels that lead to the leg muscles.

它穿过最后突触，在物中产生反，就像打开通向腿部肌肉血管。

And an effector is just any structure that receives and reacts to a motor neuron's signal, like a muscle contracting or a gland secreting a hormone.

器只是任何接收运动神经元信号并做出反结构，就像肌肉收缩或腺体分泌激素一样。

Once the integration center interprets the signal, it transmits the message to motor neurons, which send an action potential back down your leg, where it reaches an effector.

一旦整合中心解释了信号，它就会将信息传输到运动神经元，运动神经元将动作电位发送回你腿，到达器。

In addition to nerve fibers that lead to ganglia and then your effectors, there's also a set leaving the spinal cord that goes directly to your adrenal glands.

除了通向神经节和器神经纤维，还有一组离开脊髓直接进入肾上腺。

It's up to those neurotransmitters and hormones, and the receptors on the corresponding effectors, to make sure that everyone is on the same page.

这取决于那些神经递质和激素，以及相器上受体，确保家都保持着统一步调。

They extend from the cranium and sacrum where they start, out to the lungs or liver or bladder — wherever their effector is — where they reach their ganglion.

它们从颅骨和骶骨开始，延伸到肺、肝或膀胱——无论它们器在哪里——它们会抵达神经节。

Their nerve fibers originate in different parts of the body, the ganglia of the sympathetic system are located close to the spinal cord, while the ganglia of the parasympathetic system are close to their effectors.

它们神经纤维起源于身体不同部位，交感系统神经节位于靠近脊髓，而副交感神经系统神经节靠近它们器。

The sympathetic nervous system is set up in such a way that even a small stress signal sent down one path could trigger a response in many effectors at once.

交感神经系统是这样建立，即使是沿着一条路径发出微小压力信号也能同时触发许多器反。

And that one, in turn, leads to an effector organ, where it synapses again to create whatever response was signaled — like sending more blood to your skeletal muscles, or making your heart pump faster.

这根神经纤维又导致一个器官，在那里它再次突触以产生所发出任何反——比如向骨骼肌输送更多血液，或者让你心脏泵速加快。

For now you learned that your sympathetic nervous system controls your body's stress response and how the signals in your sympathetic nervous system travel to an effector, using the neurotransmitters acetylcholine in the ganglion and norepinephrine at the effector.

现在你知道了你交感神经系统控制你身体压力反，以及交感神经系统中信号如何传递到物，使用神经节中神经递质乙酰胆碱和物处去甲肾上腺素。