(metonymic chain and metaphtonymy, although metaphor too).

(转喻链和转喻, 虽然也是隐喻)。

The actual street, not the metonym for big business or financial markets.

际的街道，而不是大企业或金融市场的转喻。

In the previous examples, aspects of the real world are interpreted metaphorically and metonymically.

在前面的例子, 世界的各个方面被隐喻和转喻地解释。

Even though some metaphors and metonymies may be understandable cross-culturally, others will not.

尽管有些隐喻和转喻在跨文化可能是可以理解的， 但其他的则不能。

As Diagram 11 shows, the target of this metaphor features a metonymy of the expansion type.

如图 11 所示， 这个比喻的目标具有扩展类型的转喻。

It refers to using the name of part of an object to talk about the whole thing, and vice versa.

词典定义所提供的一个词的第一个意义通是它的字面意义。比喻语是为了达到对比、强调、明确或标新的目的而使的不同于日规语的词句。语表示比喻法的另一个词是Trope (修辞、比喻)。它是指为了修辞目的而通过比喻途径来使的语。比喻在语频繁出，并且采许多不同形式。明喻：明喻是把一种事物和另一种事物作比较，并通过展一种事物如何与另一事物相似来解释这种事物是什么样子的方法。它as或like等词在文本作为明确标志。暗喻：像明喻一样，暗喻也是对两个并不相像的要素作出对比，这种对比是隐含的而不是直接表达的。转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。提喻：提喻是事物的一部分名称来指代整个事物，反之亦然。

The pay-off (" Mobile banking replaces intracity trips" ) helps recognize these metonymic relationships.

回报（“移动银行取代了城内旅行” ）有助于识别这些转喻关系。

For one thing, recognizing a visual element as the source domain of a metaphor or a metonymy sometimes requires (sub)cultural background knowledge.

首先，将视觉元素识别为隐喻或转喻的源域有时需要（亚）文化背景知识。

In this ad, dog is thus the metonymy's source domain and pet its target domain.

因此，在此广告， dog 是转喻的源域， 而 pet 是其目标域。

This type of metonymy has been discussed by other scholars as " the part stands for the whole" .

这种类型的转喻已被其他学者讨论为 “部分代表整体” 。

The logo stands for Renault cars and is part of it, so we can consider renault logo as a metonymy for renault.

该标志代表雷诺汽车， 是其的一部分，因此我们可以将雷诺标志视为雷诺的转喻。

In this double domain expansion metonymy the goldfish stands for haft-sin and haft-sin stands in turn for nowruz, Persian New Year (Diagram 20).

在这个双域扩展转喻， 金鱼代表 haft-sin，而 haft-sin 依次代表波斯新年 nowruz（图 20）。

But since this ad is about mobile banking, a metonymic reduction is needed to get at the meaning of mobile banking.

但是，由于这则广告是关于手机银行的，因此需要减少转喻来理解手机银行的含义。

We elaborated on her results by exploring the interaction of metaphor and metonymy in both expansion and reduction processes.

我们通过探索隐喻和转喻在扩展和减少过程的相互作来详细阐述她的结果。

Metonymic expansion is needed to understand the target (freezing temperature) by the source (?

需要转喻扩展来理解源 （？

Keywords: visual and multimodal metaphor, visual and multimodal metonymy, metaphor-metonymy interaction, Iranian advertisements, Dutch advertisements.

关键词：视觉和多模态隐喻，视觉和多模态转喻，隐喻-转喻交互，伊朗广告，荷兰广告。

As an animal that is considered highly dangerous, the shark in the given context metonymically triggers danger (Diagram 3).

作为一种被认为高度危险的动物，鲨鱼在给定的上下文转喻会触发危险（图 3）。

In this example, there is metonymy within the source of a metaphor in which animal behavior is mapped onto human behavior.

在这个例子， 动物行为映射到人类行为的隐喻源有一个转喻。

For another, to do full justice to the ads, we need to be aware of much more than only the metaphors and metonymies that may appear in them.

另一方面，为了完全公正地对待广告，我们需要了解的不仅仅是可能出在其的隐喻和转喻。

In short, the coins are the targetof the metaphor coins are weights as well as a source in a metonymy whose target is bank (Diagram 12).

简而之，硬币是隐喻的目标， 硬币是权重， 也是目标为 bank 的转喻的来源（图 12）。