I mean, they transmit leptospirosis and hantavirus.

我是说，他们可能会 传染细病或是汉他病毒。

Most commonly, Leptospira gets into the host system via abrasions or cuts on the skin.

钩端一般通过皮肤表面创口进入宿主内。

Leptospira is also a motile bacteria because it has flagella that help it move around.

钩端也是一种能动菌，因为它有可以帮助运动的鞭毛。

Rats can spread diseases like leptospirosis, which can lead to kidney and liver failure.

老鼠可能会传播钩端病等疾病，这种疾病可能会导致肾和肝脏衰竭。

Leptospira causes a zoonotic infection called leptospirosis, which has two phases.

钩端会导致一种名为钩端病的人畜共通传染病，其有两个阶段。

There are also tick-borne causes of meningitis like Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria - which the cause of Lyme disease.

脑膜炎也有蜱传播病因，比如像莱病菌，这也是莱病病因。

Leptospirosis is treated with penicillin G, and doxycycline can be used as an alternative.

钩端病的治疗主要施用抗生霉，多西环可作为备选。

Sometimes magnetic fields can twist plasma in the Sun's atmosphere into majestic helical shapes called " flux ropes" .

有时磁场会将太阳大气层中的的等离子扭曲，成为被称做“通量绳”的宏伟的。

The Leptospira genus has over 20 species, and the most common species that causes leptospirosis in humans is Leptospira interrogans.

钩端属有超过20种亚属，其中问号钩端（Leptospira interrogans）是导致人类钩端病的最常见致病菌。

And researchers have found that bones from this era suggest the presence of tuberculosis and treponemal infections.

研究人员发现，这个时代的骨头表明存在结核病和密感染。

As time passed, the softer sand around the burrows began to erode, but not the hardened spirals.

随着时间的流逝，洞穴周围较软的沙子开始被侵蚀，但硬化的却没有。

Alright, as a quick recap, leptospira is a genus of tiny spiral gram-negative bacteria that can be seen under a darkfield microscope.

得！快速回顾一下：钩端是一种细小的革兰氏阴性菌，它可以在暗视野显微镜中被观察到。

They include cat-scratch fever from our cats, leptospirosis from our dogs, psittacosis from our chickens and parrots, and brucellosis from our cattle.

它们包括来自我们的猫的猫抓热、来自我们的狗的钩端病、来自我们的鸡和鹦鹉的鹦鹉热以及来自我们的牛的布鲁氏菌病。

Better established is Lyme disease, caused by a spirochete that we get from the bite of ticks carried by mice and deer.

比较确定的是莱病，它是由老鼠和鹿携带的蜱虫叮咬后感染的引起的。

Now, Leptospira is a tiny spiral bacteria, that stains poorly with Gram staining, because it doesn't retain the Gram dyes well, so it's classically considered gram-negative.

钩端是一种细小的形病菌，革兰氏染色效果较差，因为它不能很好地保留染色剂，所以通常认为它是一种革兰氏阴性菌。

It's also too tiny to be seen with a light microscope, so to visualize it, you need a darkfield microscope with use of immunofluorescence is required.

这种细菌也因为型太细而难以在光学显微镜下显像，所以为了能够看见钩端，人们需要使用暗视野显微镜以及荧光染色剂。

Risk factors for leptospirosis include some professions, like people who work in rice-paddies, sugarcane plantations, or people who swim or wade in waters contaminated by animal urines.

导致钩端病的危险因包括一些需在稻田、甘蔗种植区工作的职业或有被动物尿液污染的水源游玩史。

Lyme disease is primarily caused by a bacterium called Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted by the bite of the blacklegged tick—more commonly known as the deer tick.

莱病主要由一种名为伯氏疏的细菌引起，这种细菌通过黑腿蜱（通常称为鹿蜱）的叮咬传播。

We were working on pan-coronavirus vaccines, sickle cell anemia gene therapy, malaria with people across the U.S. and in Africa, leptospirosis with people in southeast Asia, vaccines for peanut allergies.

我们在研究泛冠状病毒疫苗，镰状细胞性贫血基因疗法，美国和非洲的疟疾，东南亚的钩端病，花生过敏疫苗。

If Leptospira gets to the kidneys, it may infect the interstitium, causing interstitial nephritis, or it may cause an inflammatory reaction that damages the renal tubules, resulting in acute tubular necrosis.

如果钩端进入肾脏，它会感染肾间质而引起间质性肾炎，也能引发炎性反应损伤肾小管，导致急性肾小管坏死。