This capsule is a major virulence factor because of its antiphagocytic ability.

具有抗吞噬的作用，所是其主要的毒力因子。

On the capsule, there are pili, which are hair-like extensions that help the bacteria attach to host cells.

上还有起黏附作用的菌毛。

Within 24 hours, the bacteria starts to make clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, or CPE.

24小时内，细菌开始产生产气菌肠毒素（CPE)。

Klebsiella has an abundant polysaccharide capsule which leads to the formation of very mucoid and viscous pink colonies.

克雷伯杆菌具有很厚的多糖成分的，所可产生很多黏性物质使得菌落非常粘稠。

In fact, at an optimum temperature, Clostridium perfringens has one of the fastest growing rates of any bacterium!

事实上，在最适温度下，产气菌是增殖速度最快的细菌之一。

First, Klebsiella pneumoniae is encapsulated, which means it's covered by a polysaccharide layer called a capsule.

首先，它被多糖成分的包裹。

Clostridium perfringens is a common cause of food poisoning, in fact, it's sometimes called " the cafeteria germ" .

产气菌，是引起食物中毒的常见病原体；事实上，它有时被称为“自助餐细菌”。

If a person eats food contaminated with C. perfringens, the bacteria will soon colonize the gut.

如果有人吃了被产气菌污染了的食物，细菌会在肠道定植。

The symptoms of Clostridium perfringens enteritis include abdominal cramping, watery diarrhea, and vomiting.

产气菌性肠炎的症状包括腹部绞痛、水样泻、呕吐。

Underneath the capsule, there's an outer membrane, which consist of lipopolysaccharides, or LPS.

的下面是一层外，主要成分是脂多糖（LPS）。

The capsule is considered an important virulence factor since the strains that lack a capsule are less virulent.

被认为是重要的毒力因子，因为缺少的菌株毒力相对较弱。

Now, instead of getting into food, Clostridium perfringens can also sometimes get into a wound.

此外，除了污染食物，产气菌有时也会感染伤口。

Specifically, bacterial infections with encapsulated bacteria.

具体来说，是有细菌的细菌感染。

Clostridium perfringens are found out in the environment and they can accidentally contaminate food when it's been left out for a while.

产气菌在我们身边的环境就有；它们可能恰巧污染了放置在外面一阵子的食物。

There's been an outbreak of salmonella and clostridium perfringens, another bacterial infection, in the U.S. state of Louisiana.

AZUZ：美国路易斯安那州爆发了沙门氏菌和产气菌，这是另一种细菌感染。

But uncooked food - like salads, or reheated food - like leftovers, can be a good home to Clostridium perfringens.

而如沙拉等生食或二次加热的剩菜等食物，可成为产气菌的优良培养基。

Alright, as a quick recap, Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe that resides in the soil.

得！我们快速复习一下：产气菌是革兰氏阳性、有芽孢的厌氧菌，通常居于土壤中。

Clostridium perfringens food poisoning typically causes mild symptoms, lasts about a day, and resolves without antibiotics.

产气菌食物中毒产生的症状比较轻微，持续约一天，无需抗生素可自行缓解。

That's where another toxin, Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin, or CPAT, causes direct damage to cells, causing them to swell up and lyse - or pop.

这是由于产气菌产生的另一种α毒素（CPAT）直接伤害细胞，导致细胞肿胀、崩解。

Some bacteria can also have another extra layer on top of the cell wall called a capsule, which is a major virulence factor.

一些细菌还有包裹在细胞壁外面的，是主要的毒力因子。