Osmosis out of a cell can cause big changes.

细外渗透作用会引起很大变化。

Okay, let's say there are more oxygen molecules outside a cell than inside.

好，假设细外氧分子比细多。

The bacteria grow wire-like protein strands all over the outside of their cells.

细菌在它们细外部长出状蛋白质链。

These electrodes are used to make 12 leads, each of which illustrates the movement of positive charge on the outside of heart cells.

这些电极可以用作记录12导联心电图，每个导联都能显示出心脏细外正电荷活动。

Instead, endocrine glands secrete their hormones directly into the surrounding extracellular space.

相反，分泌腺直接将激素分泌到周围细外间隙。

The cell's nuclear DNA creates all but 13 of these proteins.

除了 13 蛋白质外，细核 DNA 都能产生这些蛋白质。

Both of these mechanisms lead to increased potassium in the fluid outside of cells which quickly makes it into the blood and causes hyperkalemia.

上述两机制都会造成细外钾离子增加，而钾离子很快进入血液，造成高钾血症。

21. I mean that's happening here too, but adsorption means binding to the outer surface of the cell.

我是说，这个过程也在这里发生，但是吸附指是黏在细外表面。

If we unpause this, then everything becomes depolarized, and since there's no difference in charge, now, there's no dipole, and so no deflection.

如果我们这时将其“解冻”，那么所有细都被去极化了，由于细外电荷没有变化，所以没有双极子，（心电图）上也就不存在任何波形（呈一条直）。

This is a material, made mostly of the protein collagen, that’s found outside of cells and provides a sort of support framework for growing tissue.

这是一主要由胶原蛋白制成材料，存在于细外，为生长组织提供一支持框架。

Let's start with the cell wall which is found on the outer surface of the cell membrane and its most important role is to protect the bacteria.

我们从位于细膜外表面细壁开始学习，它最重要作用是保护菌体。

This city inside a cell has departments that share information, factories that build proteins, and even machinery to move those proteins around inside a cell and release them outside the cell.

细这座城市有分享信息部门，有制造蛋白质工厂，甚至还有在细移动这些蛋白质并将其释放到细外机制。

In order for our cells to work properly, systems had to develop that could regulate the concentration of salt and other components of our blood and extracellular fluid.

为了使人体细正常工作，身体各个系统必须能够调节盐以及血液和细外液体其他成分浓度。

This causes intracellular carbon dioxide to freely diffuse out of the cell, raising the cellular pH which stimulates glycolysis, a metabolic process that requires a lot of phosphate.

这会导致细CO2自由扩散到细外，提高细pH值，激发糖酵解，一个需要大量磷酸盐代谢过程。

This city inside a cell has departments that share information, factories that build proteins, and even machinery to move those proteins around inside a cell and release them outside the cell.

霍尔：这个细城市有共享信息部门、制造蛋白质工厂，甚至还有将这些蛋白质在细移动并将它们释放到细外机器。

A virus in the extracellular state is called a virion and consists of a protein coat called a capsid which protects the viral genome and aids in its transfer between host cells.

处于细外状态病毒称为病毒粒子有称为" 衣壳" 蛋白质外壳；衣壳保护着病毒基因组，并协助病毒在宿主细间传播。

Dopamine is then loaded into synaptic vesicles and released by physiological stimuli into the extracellular space where it can bind to dopamine receptors that are expressed on the postsynaptic neuron.

多巴胺随后被装入突触囊泡，并通过生理刺激释放到大脑中与多巴胺受体结细外空间突触后神经元。

It's been found that dolphin brains are comprised chiefly of fatty cells, which serve as a protective barrier between the systemic blood and the extracellular environment of the central nervous system.

已经发现， 海豚大脑主要由脂肪细组成，脂肪细是全身血液和中枢神经系统细外环境之间保护屏障。

Of the remaining phosphate, a tiny amount is extracellular, or outside the cells like in the blood, so this is the bit that gets measured, and the majority is intracellular, or inside cells, where it does all sorts of things.

在剩下磷酸盐中，极小部分在细外，比如血液中，是可以被检测，而大多数磷酸盐在细；细磷酸盐有着各各样功能。

The extracellular component includes both the intravascular space - the space within the blood and lymphatic vessels and the interstitial space - the space between cells where you typically find fibrous proteins and long chains of carbohydrates which are called glycosaminoglycans.

细外部分包括管道空间，即血管和淋巴管空间以及间质空间，即细之间空间，通常能找到纤维蛋白和叫糖胺聚糖（即黏多糖）长链碳水化物。