Without treatment, tetanus has an extremely low rate of survival.

未经治疗破伤存活概率极低。

In fact any kind of puncture wound or cut brings along the risk of tetanus.

事实上，任何一种刺伤或切割伤都伴有感染破伤险。

Children who were born with tetanus.

出生时患有破伤儿童。

Spores of Clostridium tetani are most often introduced into the body through penetrating trauma, like a puncture wound.

破伤梭菌最常通过穿透性损伤进入人体，如刺伤。

There's also neonatal tetanus, which happens to newborns of mothers that have not been immunized against tetanus themselves.

还有新生儿破伤，见于没有接种过破伤疫苗母亲诞下新生儿。

Tragically, his older sister Francesca died at 12 years old from a tetanus infection that had gone untreated.

不幸是，姐姐弗朗西丝卡在 12 岁时死于未经治疗破伤感染。

But now we know the best time to tackle Clostridium tetani is before an infection even takes place.

但现在我们知道，应对破伤梭菌最佳时机就是在感染之前。

The diagnosis of tetanus is based on the clinical appearance.

破伤断基于其临床表现。

Instead, the offending bacterium, known as Clostridium tetani, infects the body through cuts and abrasions.

相反，被称为破伤梭菌病菌会通过割伤和擦伤感染人体。

Some people may associate rusty objects with tetanus, an infection caused by the Clostridium tetani bacterium.

有些人可能将生锈物体与破伤联系在一起，这是一种由破伤梭菌引起感染。

Puncture wounds are usually anaerobic and warm, and are therefore optimal for growth of Clostridium tetani.

刺伤通常产生缺氧且温暖伤口环境，也成为了破伤梭菌最佳培养基。

This process releases several toxins, including deadly tetanus toxin.

这一过程会释放出多种毒素，其中便包括致命破伤毒素。

Clostridium tetani is notorious for one of its toxins called tetanospasmin, which can severely disrupt the neuromuscular system of mammals.

破伤梭菌因其产生破伤痉挛毒素而臭名昭着，该毒素严重影响哺乳动物神经肌肉系统。

Treatment of tetanus involves application of tetanus immune globulin and supportive care measures.

破伤治疗包括TIG以及对症支持治疗。

Then, they inject antitoxin to neutralize any tetanus toxin still in the body that has yet to enter the central nervous system.

然后，注射抗毒素，中和体内尚未进入中枢神经系统破伤毒素。

One example is tetanus: its symptoms are not caused by the Clostridium tetani bacterium, but by a neurotoxin it produces (tetanospasmin).

一个例子是破伤：它症状不是由破伤梭菌引起， 而是由它产生一种神经毒素（破伤痉挛素）引起。

But some tenacious pathogens, including the ones that cause botulism and tetanus, make it through this caustic cauldron and thrive in the intestines beyond.

但是一些顽固病原体，包括一些导致肉毒中毒和破伤病原体能比较好地避开腐蚀性环境，在肠道之外存活繁衍。

In the most common form of tetanus— called generalized tetanus— the spasms begin in the face muscles, most notably the lower jaw.

最常见破伤临床类型叫作全身型破伤，痉挛从面肌开始，以下颌显着。

Tetanus is usually treated with tetanus immune globulin or TIG, which is an antitoxin that binds to circulating tetanospasmin.

破伤可使用破伤免疫球蛋白（TIG）治疗；TIG是一种能够特异性结合破伤痉挛毒素抗毒素。

Other symptoms of tetanus involve sympathetic over-activity, which causes drooling, excessive sweating, fever, difficulty swallowing, breathing problems, and irregular urination and defecation.

破伤其它临床表现包括：交感神经过度兴奋，引起流涎、大汗淋漓、发热、吞咽困难、呼吸困难，以及尿便失禁。