With mutations, proto-oncogenes become oncogenes, and these overstimulate the cell growth.

随着突变，原癌基因变为癌基因，这些癌基因过度刺激胞长。

You can think of proto-oncogenes as the accelerator or gas pedal and tumor suppressor genes as the brakes.

你可以把原癌基因看作是加速器或是油门，把抑癌基因看作是刹车。

Proto-oncogenes, which signal a cell to grow and divide.

原癌基因，向胞发出长和分裂的信号。

So oncogenes or mutated tumor suppressor genes allow cells to keep growing uncontrollably resulting into tumors.

因此，癌基因或突变的抑癌基因使胞制地增长，导致肿瘤发。

Now, there are genes that promote normal cell growth called proto-oncogenes.

这时，有一些促进胞长的基因被称作原癌基因。

Oncogenes help cells grow and proliferate, while tumor suppressor genes slow down cell growth and proliferation.

致癌基因加速胞长增殖，而抑癌基因使胞长增殖变慢。

Fusobacteria is another genus of bacteria in the mouth that produces excessive immune responses and activates oncogenes.

梭杆菌属是口腔中另一种会引发过度免疫应答、激活癌基因的菌。

Squamous cell cancers arise from squamous cells that undergo genetic mutations that either activate proto-oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressor genes.

鳞状胞癌产于经历了基因突变的鳞状胞，基因突变可能激活原癌基因、或使抑癌基因失活。

When proto-oncogenes, like epidermal growth factor receptor and RAS, are activated, it turns them into oncogenes that promote cell division.

当原癌基因（如表皮长因子体基因、RAS基因）被激活时，它们就变成了促进胞分裂的癌基因。

So if for example, your oncogenes switch back  on, they make oncogene proteins.

例如，如果您的癌基因重新启动，它们就会产癌基因蛋白质。

The second crucial mutation can happen in your  oncogenes.

第二个关键突变可能发在癌基因中。

When oncogenes are turned on the cell is told to multiply rapidly.

当癌基因被打开时，胞就会迅速繁殖。

When your oncogenes get corrupted,   they basically turn on again.

当你的癌基因被破坏时，它们基本上会再次开启。

This type of gene is called an anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene.

这种类型的基因被称为抗癌基因或肿瘤抑制基因。

Abnormal cell division can occur either when active oncogenes are expressed or when tumor suppressor genes are lost.

当活性癌基因表达或肿瘤抑制基因丢失时，可发异胞分裂。

To balance out cell growth, there are other genes called tumor suppressor genes which promote apoptosis or cell death of mutated cells.

为平衡胞长，还有其它基因，称作抑癌基因，促进突变胞的凋亡或胞死亡。

Or they can occur in proto-oncogenes, which normally code for proteins that promote the cell cycle - so they're the cell cycle's accelerator pedal.

基因突变也可以发在原癌基因；原癌基因的功能是编码促进胞周期运转的蛋白质，所以它算是胞周期的“油门”。

It usually involves several genetic mutations in endometrial cells, including of PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene; PIK3CA, an oncogene; and ARID1A, a gene regulating chromatin structure.

它通涉及子宫内膜胞的几种基因突变，包括抑癌基因PTEN、原癌基因PIK3CA，及调染色质结构的基因ARID1A。

Checking for the presence of mutations in a gene can confirm a diagnosis that is based on other clinical presentations.

在癌症的病例中，了解哪个癌基因发了突变以及以什么样的方式发突变，能够确定最佳治疗方案以及为开发新的治疗方法提供信息。

Unlike other targetable oncogene drivers in NSCLC, KRAs G12C is most common in smokers Until recently, KRAS was an undruggable target.

与 NSCLC 中的其他靶向癌基因驱动因素同，KRA G12C 在吸烟者中最见。直到最近，KRAS 仍是一个可药物治疗的靶点。