1.Gudbrandsson added, " In Justin Bieber's defense, the canyon did not, at the time he visited, have rope fences and designated paths..."

Gudbrandsson补充道，" 贾斯汀·比伯辩称，当时他前往峡谷取景时，还没有绳索围栏和指定路。"

2.The basic semantics of this construction is that the causer argument directly causes the theme argument to move along a path designated by the directional phrase; that is, " X CAUSES Y to MOVE Z." (ibid.)

这种构式的基本语义是：致使者论元（主语）直接导致主事论元（宾语）沿着方向性短语（介宾）指定的路移动，即“X 致使 Y 移向 Z”（出处同上）。