Affected individuals have a 50% chance of passing on the altered gene to their child, causing that child to have the disease.

受累个体有50％的几率将突变的基因传给子代，从导致子代患病。

Paradoxically, though, it is a bit hazy on the actual subject of its title, namely how parent species spin off new, daughter species.

矛盾的是，它对标题的实际主题——即母物种是如何衍生出新子代物种——有点含糊不清。

A stem cell is one that, when it divides, spins off some offspring that remain as stem cells while others turn into functional tissue.

干细胞是一种可分化的细胞，其子代细胞可以是干细胞、也可以是功能。

During cell division, Cyphoderia actually builds a second shell and then squirts new cell material into that shell to create its daughters.

在细胞分裂过程中，Cyphoderia 实际上会构建第二个外壳，后将新的细胞材料喷射到该外壳中以创建其子代。

Oh... I see... It's not like a virus— the gene drive can only spread when a mosquito reproduces and only to its offspring.

哦...我明白了...这不像病毒那样——基因驱动只有在蚊子繁殖时才能传播，并且仅限于其子代。

Affected people are typically present in each generation, because an affected person (male or female) has a 50% chance of passing on the affected gene to a child, which causes that child to have the disease.

通常，患病家族每一代都有受累个体，因为患者（不论男女）均有50%的机会将致病基因遗传给孩子，从导致子代患上这种疾病。