Most cells have proto-oncogenes that help them grow.

大多数细胞有帮助它们增生的原始致癌基因。

Generally speaking, the transition from dysplastic cells to malignant cells occurs gradually.

一般来说，异型增生的细胞变成癌细胞的过程是渐进性的。

In case of dysplasia there's options like surgery, endoscopic resection, or laser treatments.

在异型增生的情况下，可以选择手术、内镜下切除或激光治疗。

The formation on the wrist is not arthritic.

他手腕上的增生不是关节炎。

In some species, these bizarre outgrowth can account for almost 17 percent of the insect's body weight.

其中有些种类增生出来的这部分能占到体重的百分之十七。

And as cells become more and more dysplastic the lesions sometimes develop red spots, and at that point it's called erythroleukoplakia.

随着细胞异型增生的程度越来越高，这些病损（白斑）上可出现色的点，此时我们把它称作白班。

Your fingers. They show signs of clubbing, which indicate a health problem.

您指骨周围有增生性病变的迹象, 您的心脏可能出现了问题.

The asymptomatic carrier can then pass the disease on to someone else without even knowing he has it.

非传染性疾病由身体机能障碍引起的。这官或组织的退行性病变，不稳定细胞的增生，以及异常的血液形成和血液循环。

Nasal Polyp are fleshy swellings that develop in the lining mucosa of the nose and paranasal sinuses, air-filled spaces, linked to the nasal cavity.

鼻息肉是在与鼻腔相连的鼻腔和鼻窦（充满空气的间隙）的内壁黏膜中增生的肉质肿胀。

Mumps is a disease that causes a, what we would call " swelling" – a sudden growth – in the neck area.

腮腺炎是一种导致颈部区域“肿胀”——突然增生的疾病。

Finally any growths within the spinal canal like tumors, cysts, or abscesses can cause compression on the spinal cord and nerves.

最后是椎管内的任何增生：如肿瘤、囊肿或脓肿，也可导致压迫脊髓神经。

Scientists have used the glow of GFP to watch cancer cells proliferate, track the development of Alzheimer's, and illuminate countless other biological processes.

科学家利用GFP发出的光 观察癌症细胞的增生，追踪阿兹海默症的发展，并揭示无数其他的生物过程。

It's a normal hyperplastic response, meaning the epithelial cells in the area divide more than usual and build up a protective layer of keratin.

这是一种正常的增生反应，与通常情况下相比，该部位分裂出了更多的上皮细胞，以构筑起一个角质保护层。

Leukoplakia is a precancerous white lesion, but more serious lesions include the red-colored erythroplakia which almost always contain severe dysplasia or early cancer.

口腔黏膜白斑是一种白色的癌前病变，但更严重的病变色的口腔黏膜斑，其几乎总有严重的异型增生或早期癌变。

Erythroplakias are more serious than leukoplakia because almost always when they are removed and examined under the microscope they will show severe dysplasia, or early cancer.

黏膜斑要比黏膜白斑严重得多，因为在显微镜下观察这些组织时，它们几乎都表现出了明显的异型增生，或癌变早期征象。

Normally, this ratio should be less than 40%, but it can be over 40% for people with chronic bronchitis, because of the hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the glands.

一般情况下应少于40%，对于慢支患者来说，由于黏液腺的肥大增生，该数值会大于40%。

If the biopsy shows normal intestinal cells under the microscope, and there are signs of inflammation, this is called non-dysplastic Barrett's, and the risk of developing esophageal cancer is very low.

在显微镜下，活检如果显示是正常的小肠细胞，并且有炎症的征象，这就是非异型增生的Barrett食管，而患食管癌的风险很低。

Whatever the irritants are, their effect is to stimulate hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the mucinous glands in the main bronchi, as well as the goblet cells in the smaller airways - the bronchioles, which increases mucus production in both locations.

无论哪种刺激，都会激发主支气管黏液腺以及小气道杯状细胞的肥大增生，使得肺内各个部位黏液产生增加。

Later, realizing that the suggestion had been a poor one, and moreover one of which he was not certain, he amended the statement, adding that such a formation could also be the result of injury or simple irritation to the joint.

后来，他意识到这样的推断不恰当，更何况他对此并没有把握，于是改口补充说，这样的增生也可能是关节受伤或者仅仅是关节不适的结果。