CpG islands are found in most promoter regions of genes which are the DNA sequences responsible for the initiation of gene transcription.

CpG岛位于绝大部分启动区域，是一组负责转录起始DNA序列。

In humans two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FOS promoter were found to be associated with knee-OA susceptibility.

在人类，发现FOS启动两个单核苷酸多态性与膝骨关节炎易感性有关。

In this case, the BCL1 gene from chromosome 11 ends up next to the immunoglobulin promoter on chromosome 14, which again upregulates its expression.

在这种情况下，11体上BCL1基因易位至14体，与14体上免疫球蛋白启动相邻，后者上调了BCL1基因表达。

In eukaryotes, if the introduced genes are derived from another organism, the resulting transgenic plants or animals can be propagated by normal breeding.

转基因羊已经被生产了出来，可以通过它们奶生产有价值蛋白。目基因需要羊启动（酪蛋白或乳清蛋白）以确保在乳腺表达。从奶纯化蛋白要比从培养细胞纯化蛋白要容易多。

As a result, an the BCL2 gene from chromosome 18 is placed after the immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter on chromosome 14, and that results in overexpression of bcl-2.

因此，一个来自18体BCL2基因被易位到14体免疫球蛋白重链启动后，导致BCL-2过表达。

In this case, the Myc gene is translocated from chromosome 8 where it ends up adjacent to IgH promoter on chromosome 14 and again that upregulates its expression.

在这种情况下，MYC基因从8体易位至14体，最终与14体上IgH启动相邻，这也上调了它表达。