Unable to compete head to head with these aggressive new creatures, the therapsids by and large vanished from the record.

它们无力与这种凶猛的新动物展开势均力敢的竞争，总的来说从记录中消失了。

But there was something strange about this particular therapsid.

这个特殊的兽孔目动物有一些奇怪的地方。

But a new group of synapsids was: the therapsids.

一组新的突触动物：兽孔目动物。

The casualties included most of the therapsids and other holdovers from the Paleozoic.

伤亡人员包括 来自古生代的大部分治疗和其他残留物。

On land, there were the amphibian-like temnospondyls and early relatives of mammals called therapsids.

在陆地上，有类似两栖动物的 temnospondyls 和哺乳动物的早期近亲，称为 therapsids。

Now, you and I are therapsids too, just so ya know, along with every mammal that's ever existed.

现在，你和我也兽孔目动物，正如你所知，以及曾经存在过的每一种哺乳动物。

Now, for more on therapsid family tree watch our episode, " When the Synapsids Struck Back" .

现在，要了解多关于兽孔目家族树的信息，请观看我们的剧集“当突孔目反击时”。

And therapsids developed a more flexible neck, a longer stride, and a more upright stance.

兽孔目动物的脖活，步幅长，站姿直。

And second, it looks like venom might run deep in the tree of life, including within our extended family, the therapsids.

其次，看起来毒液可能深入生命之树，包括我们的大家庭兽孔类动物。

In addition to their physical adaptations, we have other evidence that therapsids were capable of basic thermoregulation.

除了它们的身体适应性之外，我们还有其他证据表明兽孔目动物能够进行基本的体温调节。

And all of these traits show up in one particular group of therapsids.

所有这些特征都出现在一组特定的兽孔类动物中。

While many therapsids have premolars and molars, this one didn't.

虽然许多兽孔目动物有前臼齿和臼齿，这个没有。

This indicates that at least some late therapsids might have had hair—a key adaption for insulation to maintain body temperature.

这表明至少一些晚期兽孔目动物可能有毛发——这保持体温的绝缘体的关键适应性。

You also have hair, specialized teeth, and nasal turbinates, like some of our distant cousins, the later therapsids, had.

你也有头发、特殊的牙齿和鼻甲，就像我们的一些远亲，后来的兽孔目动物一样。

And researchers have also found hair-like structures alongside therapsid bones in the coprolites -- or fossilized poop -- of late Permian carnivores.

研究人员还在二叠纪晚期食肉动物的粪化石（或粪便化石）中发现了毛发状结构和兽孔类动物的骨头。

For example, instead of having a row of teeth that were all the same size and shape, therapsids had teeth with different shapes for different functions.

例如，兽孔类动物没有一排大小和形状都相同的牙齿，而具有不同形状的牙齿以实现不同的功能。

Later carnivorous therapsids could even chew their prey rather than ripping off chunks of meat and swallowing them whole, like what reptiles and birds still do today.

后来的肉食性兽孔目动物甚至可以咀嚼猎物，而不像今天的爬行动物和鸟类那样撕下大块的肉然后将它们整个吞下。

These changes indicate that therapsids had a more versatile range of motion than other land vertebrates, which made them able to move faster and more energetically.

这些变化表明兽孔目动物的运动范围比其他陆地脊椎动物活，这使它们能够移动得快、有活力。

Along with this secondary palate, some late therapsids developed features known as nasal turbinates, which are specialized structures in the nose that help animals take in oxygen more effectively.

除了这种次级上颚， 一些晚期兽孔目动物还发展出了被称为鼻甲骨的特征，这鼻中的特殊结构， 可以帮助动物有效地吸收氧气。

It's part of an extinct lineage of therapsids called the therocephalians, or the " beast heads." Which, hey, I've been called worse than that.

它一种已灭绝的兽孔目动物谱系的一部分， 称为兽头动物，或“兽头” 。 哪个，嘿，我被称为比那糟。